Realidades y mitos del músculo como un órgano principal y endocrino en el cuerpo humano
Keywords:
Endocrine System; Muscle; Hormone; Exercise; Homeostasis.Abstract
Historically, the muscle has been considered as an essentially locomotor organ, which has led
to an in-depth study of its mechanisms of muscular contraction and its relationship with the
other organs. However, in recent years, a wide range of functions of the muscle have begun to be
discovered, mainly mediated by a series of molecules called myokines, which through autocrine,
paracrine and endocrine effects mediate in the body homeostasis, relating the muscle by means
of close communication pathways with all the organs and becoming so important that they have
become the study of different therapeutic targets for the management of diverse pathologies.
This article describes the functions discovered by the muscle, including the molecules, cellular
signaling pathways and organs with which it interacts.
References
Yang M, Luo S, Yang J, Chen W, He L, Liu D, et al. Myokines: Novel therapeutic targets for diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol. 25 de octubre de 2022;13:1014581.
Kim G, Kim JH. Impact of Skeletal Muscle Mass on Metabolic Health. Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):1.
Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. WIREs Mechanisms of Disease. enero de 2020;12(1):1462.
Rai M, Demontis F. Muscle-to-Brain Signaling Via Myokines and Myometabolites. Van Praag H, Wrann C, editores. BPL. 21 de octubre de 2022;8(1):43-63.
Gomes MM, Silva MMRD, Araújo IMD, Paula FJAD. Bone, fat, and muscle interactions in health and disease. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 16 de noviembre de 2022;66(5):611-20.
Lyu J xiu, Guo D dan, Song Y chen, Zhang M ru, Ge F qin, Zhao J, et al. Circulating Myokines as Novel Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Diseases. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 5 de febrero de 2024;25(2):56.
Nara H, Watanabe R. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6 and Its Involvement in Lipid Metabolism. IJMS. 13 de septiembre de 2021;22(18):9889.
Zhao R. Irisin at the crossroads of inter-organ communications: Challenge and implications. Front Endocrinol. 4 de octubre de 2022;13:989135.
Yano N, Zhao YT, Zhao TC. The Physiological Role of Irisin in the Regulation of Muscle Glucose Homeostasis. Endocrines. 13 de agosto de 2021;2(3):266-83.
Martin KS, Azzolini M, Lira Ruas J. The kynurenine connection: how exercise shifts muscle tryptophan metabolism and affects energy homeostasis, the immune system, and the brain. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 1 de mayo de 2020;318(5):C818-30.
Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC. Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. IJMS. 22 de abril de 2022;23(9):4636.
Assyov Y, Chechev K, Gateva A, Vera K, Gatev T, Popov D, et al. The impact of dietary intervention on myokines: a narrative review. PHAR. 23 de mayo de 2024;71:1-10.
Ramos-Jiménez A, Zavala-Lira RA, Moreno-Brito V, González-Rodríguez E. FAT/CD36 Participation in Human Skeletal Muscle Lipid Metabolism: A Systematic Review. JCM. 31 de diciembre de 2022;12(1):318. Zhang J, Gao Y, Yan J. Roles of Myokines and Muscle-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Musculoskeletal Deterioration under Disuse Conditions. Metabolites. 26 de enero de 2024;14(2):88.
Gao X, Chen Y, Cheng P. Unlocking the potential of exercise: harnessing myokines to delay musculoskeletal aging and improve cognitive health. Front Physiol. 2 de septiembre de 2024;15:1338875.
Kistner TM, Pedersen BK, Lieberman DE. Interleukin 6 as an energy allocator in muscle tissue. Nat Metab. 24 de febrero de 2022;4(2):170-9.
Severinsen MCK, Pedersen BK. Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines. Endocrine Reviews. 1 de agosto de 2020;41(4):594-609.
Radikova Z, Mosna L, Eckerstorfer C, Bajer B, Havranova A, Imrich R, et al. Plasma irisin and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in sedentary subjects: effect of 8-weeks lifestyle intervention. Endocrine Regulations. 1 de enero de 2024;58(1):115-28.
Qin S, Tian Z, Boidin M, Buckley BJR, Thijssen DHJ, Lip GYH. Irisin is an Effector Molecule in Exercise Rehabilitation Following Myocardial Infarction (Review). Front Physiol. 29 de junio de 2022;13:935772.
Motsiuk VM,Pentiuk NO. Serum myostatin and irisin as predictive biomarkers of sarcopenia, malnutrition and mortality in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.Rep of Morph.25 de juniode 2023;29(2):18-25.
Ryan AS, Li G, McMillin S, Prior SJ, Blumenthal JB, Mastella L. Pathways in Skeletal Muscle: Protein Signaling and Insulin Sensitivity after Exercise Training and Weight Loss Interventions in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Cells. 10 de diciembre de 2021;10(12):3490.
Trettel CDS, Pelozin BRDA, Barros MP, Bachi ALL, Braga PGS, Momesso CM, et al. Irisin: An anti-inflammatory exerkine in aging and redox-mediated comorbidities. Front Endocrinol. 10 de febrero de 2023;14:1106529.
Shi T, Shi Y, Gao H, Ma Y, Wang Q, Shen S, et al. Exercised accelerated the production of muscle-derived kynurenic acid in skeletal muscle and alleviated the postmenopausal osteoporosis through the Gpr35/NFκB p65 pathway. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. julio de 2022;35:1-12.
Sheng R, Cao M, Song M, Wa , Zhang Y, Shi L, et al. Muscle-bone crosstalk via endocrine signals and potential targets for osteosarcopenia-related fracture. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. noviembre de 2023;43:36-46.
Bay ML, Pedersen BK. Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: Focus on Immunometabolism.Front Physiol.9 de septiembre de 2020;11:567881.
Zunner BEM, Wachsmuth NB, Eckstein ML, Scherl L, Schierbauer JR, Haupt S, et al. Myokines and Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. IJMS. 23 de marzo de 2022;23(7):3501.
Chen ZT, Weng ZX, Lin JD, Meng ZX. Myokines: metabolic regulation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Life Metabolism. 1 de junio de 2024;3(3):loae006.
Merz KE, Thurmond DC. Role of Skeletal Muscle in Insulin Resistance and Glucose Uptake. En: Terjung R, editor. Comprehensive Physiology [Internet]. 1.a ed. Wiley; 2020 [citado 7 de octubre de 2024]. 785-809.
Graf C, Ferrari N. Metabolic Health—The Role of Adipo-Myokines. IJMS. 6 de diciembre de 2019;20(24):6159.
Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, Pedersen BK, Van Praag H, Trappe S, et al. Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. mayo de 2022;18(5):273-89.
Lee JH, Jun HS. Role of Myokines in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function. Front Physiol. 30 de enero de 2019;10:42.
Inyushkin AN, Poletaev VS, Inyushkina EM, Kalberdin IS, Inyushkin AA. Irisin/BDNF signaling in the muscle-brain axis and circadian system: A review. J Biomed Res. 2024;38(1):1.
Gabriel BM, Zierath JR. Zeitgebers of skeletal muscle and implications for metabolic health. The Journal of Physiology. marzo de 2022;600(5):1027-36.
Oudbier SJ, Goh J, Looijaard SMLM, Reijnierse EM, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Pathophysiological Mechanisms Explaining the Association Between Low Skeletal Muscle Mass and Cognitive Function. Le Couteur D, editor. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 6 de octubre de 2022;77(10):1959-68.
Barp A, Carraro E, Goggi G, Lizio A, Zanolini A, Messina C, et al. Body composition and myokines in a cohort of patients with Becker muscular dystrophy. Muscle and Nerve. julio de 2022;66(1):63-70.
Daudon M, Bigo Y, Dupont J, Price C. Irisin and the fibronectin type III domain-containing family: structure, signaling and role in female reproduction. REP [Internet].
Herrmann M, Engelke K, Ebert R, Müller-Deubert S, Rudert M, Ziouti F, et al. Interactions between Muscle and Bone—Where Physics Meets Biology. Biomolecules. 10 de marzo de 2020;10(3):432.
Sun Z, Wu Z, Zhu L, Li X, Xu D, Tian X, et al. Research trends and hotspot evolution of exercise-regulated myokines: a bibliometric analysis from 2003 to 2023. Front Physiol. 1 de agosto de 2024;15:1410068.
Cordingley DM, Anderson JE, Cornish SM. Myokine Response to Blood-Flow Restricted Resistance Exercise in Younger and Older Males in an Untrained and Resistance-Trained State: A Pilot Study. J of SCI IN SPORT AND EXERCISE. agosto de 2023;5(3):203-17.
Bettariga F, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Lopez P, Bishop C, Markarian AM, et al. Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science. noviembre de 2024;13(6):764-79.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2025-11-17 (3)
- 2025-11-17 (2)
- 2025-05-14 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Scientific and Eduaction Medical JournalAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igual: Esta licencia permite a otros distribuir, remezclar, retocar, y crear a partir de tu obra de modo no comercial, siempre y cuando te den crédito y licencien sus nuevas creaciones bajo las mismas condiciones.
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
